استعاره به مثابه روش فلسفیدن: تحلیلی بر نقشِ استعاره‌ها در فلسفۀ اسلامی با تأکید بر نظریۀ استعارۀ مفهومی

نوع مقاله : علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 فلسفه و کلام اسلامی، دانشکده الهیات، دانشگاه تهران، ایران

2 استاد گروه فلسفه و کلام اسلام ،ی دانشکدة الهیات، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران

10.48308/kj.2025.240789.1337

چکیده

استعاره از مفاهیم بنیادین در فلسفه و زبان‌شناسی است که همواره موردتوجه اندیشمندان بوده است. نظریۀ استعارۀ مفهومی، که لیکاف و جانسون ارائه کرده‌اند، بر این اصل استوار است که استعاره‌ها صرفاً ابزارهای زبانی نیستند بلکه در ساختار تفکر و نظریه‌پردازی نقشی اساسی ایفا می‌کنند، به‌نحوی‌که مفاهیم انتزاعی ازطریقِ تجارب ملموس و عینی درک و پردازش می‌شوند. مسئلۀ اصلی این پژوهش کارکردِ استعاره‌های مفهومی به‌مثابۀ روشی در فرآیند فلسفه‌ورزی فیلسوفان مسلمان، با محوریّت استعارۀ «استدلال جنگ است»، می‌باشد. این پژوهش با روش توصیفی-تحلیلی و ازطریقِ واکاویِ مفاهیم و استدلال‌های فلسفی در آثار فیلسوفانی چون فارابی، ابن‌سینا و ملاصدرا انجام شده است. یافته‌ها بیانگر آن است که استعارۀ «استدلال جنگ است» در قالب تعابیری همچون «دفع اعتراض»، «نقض دیدگاه» و «اقامۀ برهان علیه خصم» در متون این فلاسفه جریان دارد و در شکل‌گیریِ شیوۀ استدلال، نحوۀ گفت‌و‌گویِ فلسفی و تبیین مفاهیم انتزاعی نقشی مؤثر ایفا کرده است. برخلافِ دیدگاهی که کاربرد استعاره را پدیده‌ای ناخودآگاه می‌داند، شواهد حاکی از آن است که به‌کارگیریِ استعاره‌های مفهومی آگاهانه یا بالقوه آگاهانه بوده و انتقال از حوزۀ تجربی و محسوس به حوزۀ انتزاعی در فرآیند فلسفه‌ورزی هدف بوده است. براین‌اساس، در فلسفه‌ورزی، استعاره‌های مفهومی برای تحلیل مفاهیم و صورت‌بندی تفکر فلسفی و نظریه‌پردازی می‌توانند روشی معتبر باشند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Metaphor as the Method of Philosophizing: An Analysis of the Role of Metaphors in Islamic Philosophy with Emphasis on Conceptual Metaphor Theory

نویسندگان [English]

  • NARJES SHAHABI SHISHEGORABI 1
  • nadia maftouni 2
1 Department of Islamic Philosophy and Theology, Faculty of Theology and Islamic studies, University of Tehran,Tehran, IR.
2 Department of Islamic Philosophy and Theology, Faculty of Theology and islamic studies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

Metaphor is one of the foundational concepts in philosophy and  linguistics and has consistently attracted the attention of scholars. The theory of conceptual metaphor, proposed by Lakoff and Johnson, is based on the premise that metaphors are not merely linguistic tools but play a fundamental role in the structure of thought and theorization, such that abstract concepts are understood and processed through concrete and tangible experiences. The main objective of this study is to examine the function of conceptual metaphors as a methodological tool in the philosophical thought of Muslim philosophers, with a focus on the metaphor “argument is war.” This research follows a descriptive-analytical method and investigates philosophical concepts and reasoning in the works of philosophers such as al-Fārābī, Avicenna, and Mullā Ṣadrā. The findings indicate that the metaphor “argument as war” appears in expressions such as “refuting objections,” “undermining opposing views,” and “establishing arguments against an adversary,” which are prevalent in the writings of these thinkers. These usages reveal the metaphor’s significant role in shaping modes of reasoning, structuring philosophical discourse, and explaining abstract concepts. Contrary to the view that metaphors function unconsciously, the evidence suggests that conceptual metaphors were employed consciously, or at least potentially consciously, in facilitating the transition from the empirical and sensory realm to the abstract in philosophical reasoning. Accordingly, conceptual metaphors can be considered valid methodological tools in philosophizing, providing a means for analyzing concepts and formulating philosophical thought and theory.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • conceptual metaphor
  • philosophizing
  • argument as war
  • method of philosophizing
  • metaphorical method
  • metaphilosophy
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