Freedom and Necessity: From the Abyss of the Ungrund to Foundational Perfection

Articles in Press

Document Type : علمی - پژوهشی

Authors

1 Ph.D. of philosophy, University of Isfahan

2 Associate professor of philosophy, University of Isfahan

10.48308/kj.2025.241732.1360

Abstract

This research presents a critical and comparative study of the fundamental problem of Freedom and Necessity in two distinct intellectual traditions: German Idealism and Sadrian Theosophy. Moving beyond traditional, reductionist dichotomies (Determinism and Absolute Free Will), the article demonstrates how both philosophers achieve a profound and sophisticated understanding of Freedom as an ontological manifestation. The analysis shows that Schelling, by introducing the concept of the abyss of the Ungrund, defines freedom as a supratemporal act that arises from this dark, shapeless ground and yet, is itself the necessary and ultimate basis of Existence. In contrast, Mulla Sadra, by relying on the ontological principles of the Primacy of Existence, the Gradation of Existence, and especially the innovative doctrine of "the Matter Between the Two Matters" based on Substantial Motion, explains freedom not in contradiction to necessity, but as its inherent continuity and the highest stage in the process of Existential Perfection (Becoming). The result of this re-examination reveals a striking Convergence between the two thinkers in defining freedom as an Ontological Matter that is not an exception to the unified cosmic order, but its most Self-Conscious and Highest Manifestation. Freedom is deeply interconnected with necessity, revealing its true, Paradoxical nature.

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Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript
Available Online from 28 October 2025

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History

  • Receive Date: 27 September 2025
  • Revise Date: 13 October 2025
  • Accept Date: 26 October 2025

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