سرشت تقویمیِ مفاهیم پدیداری و حدودِ برون‌گرایی

نوع مقاله : علمی - پژوهشی

نویسنده

پژوهشگاه دانشهای بنیادی

10.48308/kj.2026.242606.1385

چکیده

راهبرد مفهوم پدیداری پاسخی محوری به استدلال معرفت است اما با چالش «برون‌گرایی اجتماعی» مواجه است که ادعا می‌کند مفاهیم پدیداری می‌توانند بدون تجربه و صرفاً ازطریقِ تبعیت اجتماعی کسب شوند. این مقاله استدلال می‌کند که این قیاس معیوب است. پس از مرور و نقدِ پاسخ‌های مبتنی‌بر «تسلط بر مفهوم» و نشان‌دادنِ بن‌بست دیالکتیکی آن‌ها، مقاله رویکرد متفاوتی اتخاذ می‌کند. با بهره‌گیری از تحلیل لی ژانگ، نشان داده می‌شود که فیزیکالیسم ترکیبی در تبیین ارجاع مستقیمِ مفاهیم پدیداری بر سر دوراهیِ «رویکرد اشاره‌ای» و «رویکرد تقویمی» قرار دارد. با رد رویکرد اشاره‌ای، به کمک استدلال‌های ژانگ و تمایز چالمرز درخصوصِ مفهوم پدیداری اشاره‌ای و مفهوم پدیداری محض، رویکرد تقویمی به‌عنوانِ تنها گزینه قابل‌قبول تثبیت می‌شود. سپس، در بخش نهایی، با استفاده از طبقه‌بندی چالمرز، نشان می‌دهم که برون‌گراییِ اجتماعی تنها درموردِ مفاهیم پدیداریِ «رابطه‌ای» و «پایدار» صادق است اما درموردِ مفاهیم پدیداریِ «محض»، که ماهیتشان با تجربه تقویم می‌شود، با مشکلاتی مواجه می‌شود. این نتیجه‌، ضمن پذیرش ابعاد اجتماعیِ زبانِ پدیداری، شرط تجربه را برای هستۀ مرکزیِ مفاهیم پدیداری تبرئه می‌کند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

The constitutive nature of phenomenal concepts and the limits of externalism

نویسنده [English]

  • Mohammad Ali Yousofipour
Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM)
چکیده [English]

The Phenomenal Concept Strategy (PCS) is a central response to the Knowledge Argument. Still, it faces the challenge of social externalism, which holds that phenomenal concepts—such as the concept of arthritis in Tyler Burge’s thought experiment—can be acquired without experience and merely through deference to a linguistic community. This paper argues that the analogy is flawed. After surveying and criticizing mastery-based responses and showing their dialectical dead ends, the paper adopts a different approach. Drawing on Li Zhang’s (2024) analysis, it argues that synthetic physicalism faces a dilemma in explaining the direct reference of phenomenal concepts: either a demonstrative (indexical) approach or a constitutive approach. By rejecting the demonstrative approach—using Zhang’s arguments (the case of visual agnosia) and David Chalmers’ distinction between indexical phenomenal concepts and pure phenomenal concepts—the constitutive approach is established as the only plausible option. In the final section, employing Chalmers’ (2003) precise taxonomy, it is shown that Burge-style externalism applies only to relational and standing phenomenal concepts, but fails with respect to pure phenomenal concepts, whose nature is constituted by experience. This conclusion, while acknowledging the social dimensions of phenomenal language, vindicates the experiential requirement for the core of phenomenal concepts.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • phenomenal concept strategy
  • pure phenomenal concepts
  • social externalism
  • constitutive approach
  • demonstrative approach
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