The Creationism, Reductionism, Emergentism and Problem of The Mind

Document Type : علمی - پژوهشی

Abstract

Mind-body problem and the existence of the mind in the physical world is one of the most important issues in the history of human thought and a lot of ideas have been presented to explain it. Creationism and dualism arising from it, in explaining the mind-body interaction have little success. This failure raises physicalist views and opinions of the Reductionism. In this theory, mental property removed or, at best, is reducible to the physical. But physicalism answers only led to the elimination of the problem and cannot explain how the existence of non-physical features in the physical world. The Emergentism theory put forward new answers to this question. According to The emergentism the mind and mental property arising from the evolution of the physical body and yet irreducible to it. In other words, the physical body, is fluid and dynamic system that at the highest level of system complexity, com into the mind and consciousness. This theory have advantages in contrast with the dualism and reductionism in explaining the mind-body connection, because opposed to the creationism accepting of dualism, it make a image of biological evolution of the mind and its relation to the brain ,and on the other hand, while accepting physicalism and natural evolution rejects reductionism.

Keywords


  1. - بیورک راسل. سی.، هوش مصنوعی و روح، ترجمه میترا سرحدی، اطلاعات حکمت و معرفت، شماره 7، آبان 1393
  2. - دی هارت، ویلیام و دیگران، فلسفه نفس،ترجمه امیر دیوانی، انتشارات سروش، 1381
  3. - دوره آثار افلاطون، ترجمه محمدحسن لطفی، تهران، شرکت سهامی انتشارات خوارزمی، چاپ سوم، 1380ش، جلد سوم
  4. - سرل، جان، درآمدی کوتاه به ذهن، ترجمه محمد یوسفی، تهران، نشر نی، چاپ اول، 1392
  5. - ریونزکرافت، ایان، فلسفه ذهن، ترجمه حسین شیخ رضایی، تهران، موسسه فرهنگی صراط، چاپ دوم، 1392
  6. - نویرات.اتو، فیزیکالسیم، ترجمه علی مرتضویان، فصلنامه فلسفی، ادبی، فرهنگی ارغنون، سال دوم، شماره 7و8، چاپ دوم، تهران، 1374، ص327الی 340
  7. - Broad.c.d. 1923, “The Mind and Its place in Nature”, LONDON KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & CO., LTD.NEW YORK: HARCOURT, BRACE & COMPANY, INC.1925
  8. - Beckermann, Ansgar (1992b) “Supervenience, Emergence and Reduction”, in Beckermann, A., Flohr, H. & Kim, J. (eds.) (1992), 94118.
  9. - Bickle.john, 2013, Multiple Realizability, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy,First published Mon Nov 23, 1998; substantive revision Tue Jan 15, http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/multiple-realizability/#WhaMulRea
  10. - Boogerd.Et Al.F.C. 2005. “Emergnce and its Place In the Nature”: A Case Study of Biochemical Network. Pp 132-164
  11. - Chalmers, D. J., 1996, Conscious Mind, in Search of a Fundamental Theory, Oxford University Press.
  12. - Davidson, Donald, 2001, Essays on Actions and Events, Second Edition, CLARENDON PRESS · OXFORD, Philosophy of Psychology, Essay 11,207,Mental Event, 1970
  13. - Churchland, Paul,1985, “Reduction, Qualia and the Direct Introspection of Brain
  14. States”, The Journal of Philosophy 82, 828.
  15. - Churchland, Paul (1988) Matter and Consciousness. Revised Edition. Cambridge,
  16. MA, London: MIT Press.
  17. - Davidson, Donald, 2001, Essays on Actions and Events, Second Edition, CLARENDON PRESS · OXFORD, Philosophy of Psychology, Essay 11,207,Mental Event, 1970
  18. - El Hani, Charbel N. & Pihlström, Sami (2002a) “Emergence Theories and Pragmatic Realism”, Essays in Philosophy 3(2). Available online at http://www.humboldt.edu/~essays
  19. - El Hani, Charbel N. & Pihlström, Sami (2002b) “A Pragmatic Realist View of Emergence”, Manuscrito 25, 105154.
  20. - Eronen.markus,2004, Emergentism in the philosophy of mind, Department of university of Helsinki
  21. - Fodor, Jerry, 1974. “Special Sciences: Or the Disunity of Science as a Working Hypothesis,”Synthese, 28: 97–115
  22. - Humpheryse,1997, Humphreys, P., 1997a, “Emergence, Not Supervenience”, in Philosophy of Science, vol. 64, pp. S337-S345, online edition: http://www.people.virginia.edu/~pwh2a/.
  23. - Kim, Jaegwon (1996) Philosophy of Mind. Boulder: West view Press.
  24. - Kim, Jaegwon (1997) “Supervenience, Emergence, and Realization in the Philosophy of Mind” in Carrier, M., & Machamer, P. K. (eds.) Mindscapes: Philosophy, Science, and the Mind. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 271293.
  25. - Kim, Jaegwon (1998) Mind in a Physical World: An Essay on the Mind-body Problem
  26. and Mental Causation. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  27. - Kim, Jaegwon (2002) “Mental Causation and Consciousness: The Two MindBody Problems for the Physicalist” in Gillett, C., & Loewer B. (eds.) (2002), 271283.
  28. - Hasker. William,2015, why Emergence? www. Gmail.com. Email address mj.jamebozorgi@gmail.com.october 2015
  29. - Levin. Janet, Functionalism, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, First published Tue Aug 24, 2004; substantive revision Wed Jul 3, 2013, http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/functionalism/#FutFun
  30. - Nagel, Thomas (1974) “What Is It Like to Be a Bat?”, The Philosophical Review 83, 435450.
  31. - Moergan,1922, Emergent Evolution, the Gifford lecture, delivered in the university of st. Andrews
  32. - Oppenheim, Paul & Putnam, Hilary (1958) “Unity of Science as a Working Hypothesis” in Feigl, H., Scriven, M., & Maxwell, G. (eds.) Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Volume II. Minneapolis: University ofMinnesota Press, 336.
  33. - Martine Nida-Rümelin,2006, DUALIST EMERGENTISM, University of Fribourg (Switzerland), Final Version published in Brian Mc Laughlin & Jonathan Cohen (eds.), Contemporary Debates in Philosophy of Mind, Blackwell
  34. - Plantinga. Alvin, Science, Religion, and Naturalism, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011
  35. - Stephan, A., 1999, “Varieties of Emergence”, in Evolution and Cognition, Vol. 5, No. 1, 50-59.
  36. - Stephan, A., 2004, “Phenomenal Emergence”, in Networks, Vol. 3-4, pp. 91-102.
  37. - Silverberge.Arnold,1992, Putnam on Functionalism, Philosophical Studies 67: 111-131,Kluwer Academic publisher, printed in the Netherland
  38. - Stoljar.Daniel, Physicalism, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/physicalism/
  39. - Swinburne. Richard.,The Evolution of the Soul, revised edition, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998